Borrowings Words Research Paper Essay

mental hospitalThe theme of the research paper is side acceptations. This theme aro habituates my interest as its widely discussed in wholly scientific circles. New dictions be born, close to die prohibited, and lots of them mix up with each former(a). These facts charter a great influence on the humanity. Nowadays the language that influences Russian the most is side. side of meat has become an inter populational language and is usaged all over the world. More and more people, both callownessfulness and grown ups, use this spoken language in their speech. These spoken language are utilize in all sorts of activities politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mount media, sports. The aim of my research paper is to check over the borrowed speech in opposite spheres of life and their enjoyment in ultramodern Russian language. The tasks of the research paper* to give general information almost the borrowed quarrel* to investigate the process and the way o f adoptions* to determine the importance of the borrowed quarrel.The subject of my research paper is adoptions.Methods of investigation are* the mode of observation* questionnaires* magazine and TV programme analyzing* interviewing.Practical signifi freighterce of the results of investigation consists in the fact they can be apply in teaching position for Belarusian and Russian students. We all agree that a language is the most important dowery of human conversation. The main element of ein truth language is speech. It consists of words and word combinations. Lots of words in Russian are borrowed from other languages. The knowledge of these words is immanent as we meet them e truly day and allwhere. These words are usually not specific exactly are known to the most segment of native speakers. Borrowings are words and word combinations, adopted from wholeness language to other according to its phonetic and grammatical rules. Borrowing 1) (process) resorting to the wor d-stock of other languages for words to express refreshful concepts, to further differentiate the representing concepts and to name sunrise(prenominal) objects, and so forth 2) (result) a loan word, borrowed word a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the incline language. The human action of borrowings is different in each language. on that point are languages dear of loan-words, much(prenominal) as Korean it includes about 2/3 of Chinese lexical units. Others need a little number of loan-words such as Russian, French and German. Nevertheless, in that respect are languages Czech, Chinese and Hungarian which achieve an effort in order to avoid the input of unusual words and try to make up smart words and expressions for a new concept by their own lexical units. But there is no language without any borrowings because nations cant be separated from each other and communication heathen, scientific and trade cant be synthetically stopped. There are different guinea pigs of borrowings.In the most cases the want of adopting round word appears with the penetration of corresponding item or acquiring new conception. In this way the word spoutnik in French and sputnik in slope was borrowed by many languages from Russian after(prenominal) the launch of the commencement Soviet artificial sputnik of the Earth. The flow of borrowing foreign words into Russian language had especially increased in 90-s. It is connected with the inflexions in such spheres as politics, economy, culture and new concepts of morality. The extraordinary expansion of foreign lexica had been observed in this period.I Reasons for borrowingsFrom the ancient times Belarusian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political dealings with other states that certainly lead to the language borrowings. Within the process of usage the majority of them were exposed by the borrowing l anguage influence. Step by step loan-words, assimilated (from Lat. assimilare , ) in borrowing language, had formed the spirit level of widespread words and by this time werent perceived as foreign anymore. In different epoch words from other languages penetrated into original Russian vocabulary. The borrowed words appeared mostly in such spheres as mass-media, advertising and IT, because they present the most update phenomena of our modern lifestyle. It became fashionable for nowadays to use borrowings which came from English into Russian.It is conditioned by the tendency of American corporation idealisation, where the social life level is very high. Also we cant deny the rush of technical progress in English speaking countries. It is obvious that they tolerate a great potential in nigh every sphere of modern society. Thats why we need to borrow words in order to name new concepts. twenty-four hours after day people rig their houses with the most modern and high-technologic al equipment. So in order to use such house-helpers people had to study the technological information including the appropriate terminology. So that such words as , and many others came into our lives. The most demonstrative example is the word . Not so long ago this notion acquired the status of everyday usage word with the process of total data processorization. We can describe this term almost everywhere and even from a little child. Almost in every newspaper publisher we can catch up with advertisements with such a text and everyone understands that it mover the knowledge of sundry(a) computer programmes.The other reason and may be the most important is that English language nowadays serves as the language of international communication. may be we should wait a little and as Sergey Yesenin wrote in his poem. Many Russian scientists are very troubled with the tendency of English and American words penetration into Russian language. There are a lot of examples in the history when one language gradually absorbed the other one. But as for me I think that Russian language is very rich and it has a great potential to crush rid of everything superfluous or unnecessary and it is one of the richest language of the world while including a layer of loan-words in its vocabulary. But in addition to the classical borrowings, which serve to identify new notions, there is a new tendency in Russian language borrowing the words from English language, which already exist and are used in everyday life.For example, it is very fashionable to say from English hair which causationity or from English face instead Russian . It is clear that we cant use such borrowings in the scientific speech or in literary works. Here we can talk about the process of stylistic distinction of the loan-words. Everything is changeable and language especially. The reason is that the language is the most sensitive phenomenon to the changes in the surrounding world economics , politics and technological progress with its inventions. Only language can express our feelings, actions, thoughts and relations among people, events that occur with us.II Spheres of borrowingsThe joining of borrowings into Russian language increased especially in 90 days of XX century. The tendency of expansion foreign words could be observed in almost every sphere of life. It occupied the leading position in political sphere of the country getting addicted with new concepts president, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate and others. Such words began to form the layer of new social and political vocabulary. At dying time, the main source of linguistic stuff became contemporary mass media. While reading newspapers or reflexion TV every person is confronted with a great number of borrowed words. In this way, new concepts come into our life.The speed of foreign words penetration became faster within the development of mass media. It is necessary to stand for spheres o f borrowing of English words such as information technologies, a policy, the international relations and cooperation, business sphere, cultural interaction of the countries and the people, sports. The process of adoption of new words is determined by nations contacts which generate a necessity of new concepts and ideas nomination. Such words are usually the results of some nations innovation in any sphere of science or technics. They may also appear as a nonparallel result of snobbery, fashion. Nevertheless, there are essential linguistic reasons for instance, the necessity to express polysemantic Russian words by means of foreign word or to widen the expressive means of a language, etc.III Classification of borrowingsLinguistic borrowing are words (morpheme or syntactic construction) and set expressions, locomote from one language to another. The beginning of English borrowings in Russian language refers to the beginning of XVII century. subsequently by the middle of XIX century loan-words entered Russian to become its essential patch. The word-stock of international vocabulary was universe arisen. 1. Loan-word can be a synonym to the original oneFor example etc.2. Loan-word can fill in the Russian wordFor example - etc.3. Loan-word that has no equivalent in Russian language, new notions borrowed from another culture with the respective unit or concept For example etc.In some cases the application program of foreign words is not appropriate, in others it is necessary, as these words make up an essential part of lexis, fixed over the definite style.Types of borrowingsIt is manageable to distinguish the following groups of loan-words 1. Direct borrowings. The words are met in Russian in the same form and in the same meaning as in the sign language. They are - weekend, leisure time black(man) or Afro-American money or cash. 2. Hybrids. These words were formed by addition of Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings to the foreig n root. In this way the meaning of the word often changes. For example (busy , ), , , and others. 3. Calques. intelligence agency of foreign origin using with the preservation of its phonetic and graphic shape. They are , , , , , , - etc. 4. Half-calques. Words which after being grammatically assimilated were put under the grammatical rules of Russian language (suffixation). For example (drive) , .5. Exotisms. Such words are characterized by specific national customs or manners of foreign nations and are used to show the atypical for Russian reality notions. The distinctive feature of them is that they have no equivalent or synonyms in Russian. For example (chips), - (hot-dog), (cheeseburger). 6. Foreign lingual spots. Such words usually have lexical equivalents, provided they stylistically differ from these equivalents and are used in the sphere of communication as expressive means to add a peculiar emotiveness to the speech. For example OK Wow. 7. Composites. Words which were made by means of cardinal or more English lexical units. For example - a special apartment for watching movies, - a shop that sells the goods which have already been used, - a comfortable cocktail bar. 8. Jargonisms. These are words appeared in consequence of some sounds distortion. For example e-mail, , crazy.If to speak about the time period there are two major types of borrowings. The first type is presented by old borrowings which were actualized during last years with respect to the political and economical systems modification. The second type includes the number of loan-words which were made directly during last years.IV Research partNowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. It is unsurprisingly because English has become an international language and is used all over the world. With the help of the net profit and the mass media the number of English slang words are increasing. More and more people, both youth and grown-ups, use these words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. I have analyzed1. some TV programs2. some newspapers, magazines3. the name calling of the shops in Novogrudok and Minskto find out how deeply English borrowings have come into Russian. vox 1 English borrowings on TVThe biggest part of borrowings comes from* the name calling of some carry* new kinds of programs invented in the USA and the UK* new types of films* sports programs* music programs.The titles of some channels contain English letters or words. For example EuroSport, National Geographic channel, Discovery Channel, Animal planet, Viasat History, atomic number 63 Plus, Kino club, EuroNews. A big part of entertaining programs were invented in the USA. Thats why the names of some types of programs are English. We can name capital show, talk show, reality show, paranormal show. Modern types of some films have come also from the US, because the motion picture arts were born there. It is a thriller, a detective, a western, a soap-opera, a love story, a sitcom, a fantasy, an action film. So many English words have entered the Russian speech from TV.A lot of English borrowings dedicated to different kinds of sports have come into Russian language. It is possible to explain it because many sports were originated in England. I will give for example channel trinitrotoluene where some names of programs are English borrowings and it is brightly expressed. From TNT we know Comedy club, Comedy woman, cosmopolite video version, Interns, Nasha Russia. In appendix I quoted words, that more often than others we can hear on TV. young commercial music and popular-entertaining channels are in the lead. So I can say that English words influence on teenagers and their speech is full of English words.PART 2 English borrowings in newspapers and magazinesLots of people read magazines and newspapers every day. And I have tried to indicate the most used magazines and have noticed that many of them have English names. In the Internet I have plunge information about the quantity of all the magazines and magazines with English names. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of journals and magazines with English names of Belarusian publishing houses. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained the English names. Even the articles in these journals contained different amounts of borrowings, all depended on the topic of the article and the magazine. Cosmopolitan is very popular with young people. Such Belarusian newspapers and magazines Belarus Today, Pressbol, Personal computer, Press hit, the magazine Minsk review, the magazine orbiter are popular with people.PART 3 English borrowings in the names of the shops and some goods Borrowings have everlastingly come to the language through a variety of goods trade. And today, new products bring its contribution to linguistic borrowing. There are a lot of sources of borrowings. Among them I can name * names of the stores* names of cafes and restaurants* product names* household appliances.Every day people go shopping and find English words everywhere. Firstly, I would like to highlight the names of the stores in our town and our capital Minsk, in the title of which there are some English words and letters Axis, Respect (shoe stores), Berghouse, Tom Tailor, Delta sport, Sportmaster, Belmarket, Massive, Preston-market, Globo, Coolman, Maximus, Prostore and others. Every day people go shopping to buy different goods and the names of these items, written by a bright bold are well-remembered by consumers. We buy food every day and see the words Coca-Cola, Sprite, Bubble Gum, Chupa-chups, Ice-tea, Sandwich, Cracker, Alpine gold, Chips, , Nuts, Snickers, Picnic, Mars, Bounty, rose-cheeked Bull, beefsteak, grapefru it, Juice, Juicy fruit and others. We use different cleaning products, washing powders. The names of these products are also well included in our language. Some words related to personal hygiene is also borrowed from the English language Colgate, Fairy, Tide, Blend-a-med, Ariel, Mister Muskul, Clean, Vanish, Dove, Head and Shoulders, Cleaning, Mather care, and others.Food for pets also brings its contribution to the borrowing of words Pedigree, Whiskas, Puppy, Parrot, Royal Canine and others. Household appliances and computer equipment have given us Cannon, Flash, Computer, Laptop, Notebook, iPhone, iPod, mp3Player, gadget, Smile, trader, level, IQ, chat, Sticker, names of kinds of music, Game, Player, Media, Mixer, Toaster, the names of many brands have become a part of our speech Top shops, Top hits etc. Borrowings have come into fashion and become the names of cafes, clubs and restaurants Beatles, blackberry bush, REST, Aero Cafe, Double Coffee, Chill Out, Quarter City, Birhause , Europe, extra time, Madison Royal Club, West World Club, Next Club and others.PART 4 The questionnaireWe have asked the pupils of our school some questions on the topic English borrowings1. How often do you use English words in your speech (except English lessons)?1. often2. sometimes3. do not use2. Is it possible to speak without English borrowings?1. yes2. no3. its difficult to answer3. Does Russian need English borrowings?1. yes2. no3. its difficult to answerResults of the questionnaire are presented in the appendix.ConclusionDuring the study of intercultural communication of Russian and English languages it became clear that the process of new words borrowing occur intensively enough. So the history of the country has a great influence upon the history of the language. All events in the history such as wars, revolutions, trade, economical and political contacts, new inventions and many others always have a definite reflection in the lexical system of a language. As for nowaday s a great interest of linguists is concentrated upon the RussianEnglish lingual communication. Increase of informational flow, appearance of Internet, expansion of international relationships, development of world trade, economy, informational technologies, participation in various international competitions, fashion shows and other things are the reasons that caused the new words entering into Russian lexis.The openness of our society leads us to a considerable enlargement of mental outlook and range of interests, and to the improvement of foreign languages knowledge. The number of new concepts and phenomena Russian in origin is very limited. Thats why the adoption of already animate nomination with the respective notion and item is considered to be the most prestigious and effective way of enlarging the vocabulary. We have seen that Russian language is not as systematic as English, or any other European languages, it is a still changing and flexible system. According to this rese arch we can see that modern Russian language can be hardly imagined without English words. The main sources of English borrowings are Mass media, TV, magazines and Stores.In this course project I have made the classification of loan-words which includes direct borrowings, hybrids, calques, half-calques, exotisms, foreign lingual spots, composites and jargonisms. also there are some other classifications according to the system-defined relations and according to the time period of borrowing the word. Time will show us if these borrowings can change, enrich or deteriorate the image of Russian language. Time will define the future destiny of each loan-word which is to be finally adopted or rejected by linguistic flavor of the epoch. Russian language has a long history of adopting words dictated by the necessity to perceive useful information in the form of new words drawing on international experience. However, national originality of Russian language did not suffer at all from the pe netration of foreign words into it, as the process of borrowing is quite natural way of any language enrichment. Russian language preserved its self-dependency and just got rich by means of borrowed words.So on channels Sport and Belarus 2 we often hear such words as Football/ allude/Football boots, Surfing/Windsurfing, Bodybuilding, Power lifting, Basketball, Snowboard, Free ride, Backcountry, Kickboxing/Mix fight. There are a lot of other kinds of sport volleyball, tennis, auto sport, motorsport, baseball, skateboarding, Aerobic, Gymnastic, Break dance, arm sport, badminton, bobsleigh, bowling, darts, golf, curling, paintball, Rafting, squash, hockey, cheerleading and so on.There are uncountable quantity of English words that we hear on TV. I want to repeat just few of them which I often hear TV, show, teenager, model, musical, show business, celebrity, style, fashion, trend, top, super, weekend, test-drive, up-grade, jazz, hip-hop, rap, pop, rock-and-roll, cover, PR-manager, imag e-maker, battle, freestyle, casting, comment, Hollywood, designer, track, boyfriend, price-list, exclusive.Some of the Belarus periodicalsAutoNews.by. Automobile news.www.autonews.byThe Internet newspaper BSB NEWSEconomic reviews, exchange rates, news, comments, bank services, events, reportings, authors materials. www.news.bsb.byThe newspaper AutodigestAutomobile weekly journalwww. ADT.byThe newspaper Belarus TodayThe electronic version of the newspaper.www.belarustoday.byThe newspaper PressbolNews of the Belarus sports, interview, comments, statistics. www. PBbyThe newspaper Personal computerThe news Internet, iron reviews, useful programs, councils skilled, humour and still is a lot of interesting. www. PK.byThe newspaper Press hitWeekly the most interesting and actual articles from more than hundred newspapers of the world. www.presshit.by.ruMagazine MINSK REVIEWReference magazineMagazine BusinessMonthly business magazine.To PART 4Results of the questionnaire.List of literature 1. . . , , 1995. 2. .. . , 2003. 3. . . , , , 2003. 4. .. (, , ) // . ., 1984 5. . ., . . , , , 1987. 6. . . . XX , , 1996. 7. ABBYY Lingvo 11 , 2005. 8. www.belsmi.narod.ru.9. www.philology.ru10. www.wikipedia.org11. yazykoznanie.ru