Essay on the importance of education Essay Example for Free

Essay on the importance of facts of conduct EssayThe term direction is derived from Latin, word educere, educare and educatum which means to to learn , to know and to lead out. Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a teach or university a course of education, the theory and practice of teaching. A body of association acquired while being educated. In some occasions I would personally say that I am non always learning, this can be caused by lack of focus instructor being murder cover teachers teacher being unable to teach the cause well destructive students or no interest in a topic. French is a pleasant subject to learn as it comprises a lotof active and team work which requires a lot of studying and patience.During the period of exams, later on the month of May 2012, I found myself talking and disrupting the class (due to the lack of focus) which was odd as French was one of my strongest subjects and a few in which I enj oyed. The reason for this was that my teacher was absent and we had a cover teacher which I imminently then thought that I had the privilege to mess intimately for there will be no consequences but I was wrongThe only person this affected was me myself and this caused me into failing French with an E. One day in my Science class around mid(prenominal) March, we were studying momentum and I found myself tuned in with the lesson (which doesnt happen often) and was fully focused which resulted to improving my understanding of the topic and Iaccumulated more information about it. The reason being was that the lesson was a mixture of practical active learning and theoretical learning. This made me to enjoy, have fun and partake in the lesson. I in reality did learn a lot despite my weakness and hatred for science. Education is manners itselfSome people would agree with the statement that education is life itself and blab that education is the most powerful weapon and the key to succe ss. Referring to the bible in Ecclesiastes712 For the protection of wisdom is like the protection of money and the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom preserves the life of him who has it. This quote may suggest that the survival of one may depend upon their knowledge. Being educated is an advantage in life so therefore we should cherish and preserve it as we would protect money. On the opposite hand, other people may disagree with this statement and say that education isnt life itself for some people are not well educated but have managed to start successful,people such asAbraham Lincoln, John D. Rockefeller, Amancio Ortega Gaona and some(prenominal) more.This comes to show that knowledge isnt just the approval on a paper (degree) but can be physical and specialized skills. Also other unfortunate people mostly in LEDCs (less economically developed countries) such as Egypt, Mali, Haiti, Ghana,Ukraine, Libya, Vietnametc but does this mean that due to lack of being educated resul ts to individuals from these countries to not be successful ?Of course not. Finally, in my belief I think that education is very beneficial to all. From my personally experience I would say that dungeon does in fact educate me, why? In the past I made mistakes that I had to learn from such as revising a calendar week before an exam to major mistake as forbidden sins from the bible (The 10 commandments) but thats alright because life never came with instructions.We all came to learn, to bastinado and to succeed. Robert M. Hutchins aforementioned Education is not to reform students or amuse them or to make them expert technicians. It is to unsettle their minds widen their horizons inflame their intellects teach them to think straight. If mathematical sowhy is it that the older generation put a lot of pressure on the younger generation in other words the youths to study hard to become doctors and lawyers? We cannot all be doctors and lawyers for God gave each individual a conscious to help us make right and wrong decisions and to follow our hearts. Education is life itself some would say, but I say education is a high light to life the key to success. Victor Hugo He who opens a school door, closes a prison.

The bounce of a Squash Ball Essay Example for Free

The bounce of a Squash Ball EssayHowever, some heftiness is lost as due to friction amidst the molecules in the air, and the surface of the globe. 3 This is during the time where the ball is in contact with the floor. There are really three stages here, I get out show them below i) ii) iii) In i, the ball has hit the ground, and because of inertia, the ball tries to keep moving and cant because the ground beneath it is solid. This causes the ball to deepen to a sort of oval shape, this change of shape causes some energy to be lost as heat and the kinetic energy to become Elastic force. Also, the ball hitting the ground testament cause some energy to go on as sound and some leave behind be sent through the surface as a wave. In ii, the ball is still, and has no energy other than Elastic Energy it is exactly between i and iii. In iii, The Elastic Energy is being reborn to Kinetic Energy, and causes the ball to go from the oval shape, back to its original shape, and bounce s off of the ground. The Elastic Energy in the ball is now becoming Kinetic Energy again and the reshaping of the ball causes some more energy to be lost as heat. 4 Here the ball is going back up afterwards bouncing off of the ground.The ball has Kinetic Energy, and again some energy is lost as heat due to friction between the air and the ball. 5 At this stage, the ball is unmoving in the air because gravity has prevented it from rising any further. However, the ball is not as high as it was when it was dropped this is because some energy was lost as heat. This stage links back to stage two repeatedly, until all of the energy from the ball has been lost, at which point it will become stationary on the ground. Prediction With this in mind, I am predicting that the high the ball is dropped from, the high it will bounce (due to increased energy).However, I predict that the ball will never reach the bloom it fell from because of energy which is lost as heat from friction and sound when it hits the ground. Calculating Epg The formula mgh (or Mass Gravity Height) will show the amount of Gravitational emf Energy (Epg) the ball has at this stage. The mass of our ball was 0. 024 kg, which is constant (it doesnt change). The gravity here on Earth is 10N per kg of mass, for our ball this would mean 0. 24N, another constant. The visor from which we drop the ball is a variable.Therefore to work out the Epg of the ball at any given flush we would use the formula Height. We can shorten this to 0. 006 because mass and gravity are constant. For example, if we wanted to know how much Epg the ball had when held at 1. 00 m, we would do 0. 006 1. 00, which is 0. 006. The reason for shrewd Epg is so that later on the kinetic energy (Ek) of the ball can be calculating, in turn allowing the velocity of the ball upon impact to be calculated. method First of all, two metre sticks were placed vertically against a wall, one above the other, creating a makeshift double-metre stic k, this was held against the wall.Next, the ball was held so that the bottom of it was aligned with the height (e. g. 1. 00 m). Mean small-arm, another portion of the team laid on the floor, facing the metre stick. The ball was then released when the member on the floor was ready. When the ball bounced up the member on the floor noted it down. This was repeated five times for each drop height (0. 8m, 1. 0m, 1. 2m, etc up to 2. 0m). After each drop height was through five times, the ball was heated to 40 degrees Celsius in a water bath. Our variable was the drop height of the ball. We chose the range 0. 6m 2.0m because it achieves a good set of results, while not taking too much time after dropping from each height five times. We dropped the ball five times from each height and then obtained an average to try and get a good range of results, and also to eliminate anomalous results from our graphs. Results Table Drop Height (m) Gravitational Potential Energy (J) Bounce Height (m) Sp eed on Impact (m/sec) ms Analysis.The results in this table show that the Epg increases when the ball is held higher up. It also shows that the ball bounces higher when the drop height is higher, and that the ball will never bounce to the same height it was dropped from. One other thing my table shows is that the higher the drop height, the higher the speed of the ball on impact with the ground. This proves everything I predicted to be correct, and also correlates with my energy transfer diagram, which is what I based my prediction on. Ball Speed Epg = Ek on impact. To work out the velocity (speed) of the ball on impact we would use the formula v=VEk.First we need to know the value of Ek which is dependant on Evaluation There are just two anomalies, they are at 1. 4m and 1. 6m, they is quite far from the line of best fit. I believe the cause was pitying error by chance in the inaccuracy of trying to see how high the ball was in a fraction of a second.If I had the chance to repeat this investigation, I would improve the procedure by improving the measuring system, perhaps by using a digital video camera to record how high the ball bounced and then playing it back frame by frame on a computer because it is very hard to see where the ball is in a fraction of a second with human eyesight. I would increase the range of results to be from 0. 2m maybe 5. 0m, because it would give a much larger range, in which perhaps the rule of the ball bouncing higher when dropped from higher would be incorrect.

Healthcare Rationing Debate

Healthc atomic number 18 circumscribe DebateCommentary on The Rationing Debate, Rationing wellness bearing by successionCovering StatementThis paper aims to comment on Alan Williamss article of The confineing debate1 published in BMJ, 15th March 1997 volume 314. In this input I go away humble to explain contrastive points of short letter he raises in his article with the comments on each under the same heading. For the better detection and reflection I exit try to suggest an alternative fashion model to his main proposal of this article. The main position of my account statement is favoring the position of Alan ab pop get along with the criterion to profit people I will try to critique him in different aspects of his argument with the induction of my own suggested model and will try to figure out in order to remove the dependency on climb on for calculating benefit we have to intervene5 differently with some different aspect.Rationing debateThis article is all about the criteria for the priority setting in health care specifically focused on date1 which he mentioned is still the predictor for each health related issue non the cause he also argued about the main scope on benefits extract out of health care in relation with age. In the initial explode of his article he tries to figure out the relation between adaptation and adjustment of gentlee body in response to diseases. Here, I want to use more true meaning of this word disease which means not normal, instead of any pathology. He also explains the increased level of risks with increase ages along with more supportive and rehabilitative therapy needed in later ages. Being an Old Age Person he conditionualized his argument in contrast with young age and compares why recoveries are fast in young age and that also the vastness of recoveries in young ages.Up to my level of understanding, his use of age explaining about the different aspects of wellness is more towards own contextualiz ation, being a middle age man I can argue the whole concept of his article in a different aspect and that is level of de fat salmagundis in human body. Before I explain further I would like to explain a bit about medical notion of procreative and degenerative part of Human body. Broadly, our spirit consists of two major cycles of structural formation i.e. generative and degenerative. Initially we all spent brio for the generation of a proper twist of our body including physical and mental construction and then after that we spent rest of our life on that structure, which we can call degenerative part of life. chronic part is mainly relying on how well organized generative structure is formed. Up to 30 years of age is considered as a part of generative kind while after that it is all degenerative.Now I can argue, or suggest Mr. Allan an alternative ground to his concept of Age1, which is we will evaluate generative and degenerative health issues to his concept of benefits in co mparison of his age based model of benefits. So contextualizing this alternative, infections or acquired disease can be treated as the reflection of body, like in generative phase the estimation of benefits can be different than the degenerative one similarly the developmental disorders. This alternative context can be applicable to public or individuals on the same way like the Age based one the reflection of body to any external effects.Desire of Living Alan uses a term of vain pursuit of immortality1, desire of living forever which indeed become more serious in later ages of life. So as he explains how the outcomes of smaller health related issue considered more in old-aged and why the expectation get exalteder in this age. He points out the curability or treatability of any health related issue is not the only option in this age groups, there are so many other ways to work in this issue even out of the parameters of health services (like beyond NHS-UK).Considering the above ar gument in context with the alternative root word, there wont be any expectation issues because for degenerative un-wellness expectations will be low. The terms of curability and rehabilitation will not be in competition with each other for instance. Ethically it will be easier to justify the alternative one as both the components of this idea are of equal span which will be focusing more on consequences and outcomes I would not like to say that this will be the maximize welfare concept or true utilitarian4 based model except within the degenerative based group benefits of health care issues.Quality of purport Other important aspects of his article he suggests about the shift of context from the term of cure to quality of life. He also supports this argument of his by relating it with the values of persons own self-care. Though he stresses that by focusing on quality of life the contemporary approach on new interventions5 (especially at life threatening levels) will be restricted but still he argues Quality of Life1 is less costly.The above argument of Alan is basically the further explanation of our context of alternative idea in which regenerative phase is more focused for the cure with individual choice and distributive to maximal liberty of the individual. Quality of life is only focused to the improvement of degenerative part of health care benefits according to the needs and burdens equalizing resources4 (egalitarian4). So the alternative way can be the modified egalitarian view of health care setting. Being the part of egalitarian nature it can be assume that priority will be set for the high tech innovations in medical sciences which will benefit both the generative as well as degenerative on the same grounds and quality.Limits In second portion of his article he tries to explain another aspect of defining limits for the health care benefits, he explains that keeping an eye on this foretell principle of every soul will taste death2 it is better to k eep a limit before any stress full situation encounters and those limits should be justified on humane grounds according to age, expectations should also be considered according to age. He means to say that age can be considered for benefits though it is not a criterion.In explanation of above argument to alternative context, expectation will be different for different phases fulfillment of that expectation would be more justified or in equitable manner. I do agree with this divine principle of life and the relation of its context in our life and building capacity to the alternative way will not effects any change on overall morality4 of priority health care setting. For this argument I would like to second the thoughts of Alan, health care model should have the parameters for defining the limits in advance, so that the issues like social utility4 or medical utility4 could not be raised. The extent of limits can differ in our alternative context of design.Health of the nation In the further explanation of his own proposition of benefit related health care objectives when talk about broader view like health of the nation1, he counter argues that this favors against the old age because priorities should be precondition to those who will benefit more, so the young will get more and also in old age benefits are more diminished and that this is morally unsporting that smaller benefits of older should be preferred on larger benefits of young. In support of his argument he explains that older can be considered more beyond the benefit because they have paid more taxes in their lives, but contrarily he replied that usually health care systems are social insurance harming of system in which lucky one gets more. He also supports this argument that elders value more to their small improvements while young focus more to different aspects if talk about their benefits in that case the rationale of health care settings as a social insurance setup will be in jeopardy and pr ivate entities will be focus more.When we deal with the civic virtues and solidarity or community values than the paradigm of priority setting for health care become difficult up to one model application. There are different references points to be deal at this level like, effectiveness, efficiency, legitimacy and distributive justification. If we change the notion of health of nation to the context of alternative idea of this paper than it will be easier to measure effectiveness as regenerative will be given priority. Economically7, the degenerative phase will consume more and it will justify the social insurance based argument of Alan that any person who pays in his regenerative phase will get in his degenerative part. Politically, there will be marked divergence in both the scenarios. For example, instead of spending major bundle on long term care facility government have to build community rehabilitation services centers which will be utilized by all age groups. There wont be any frequently difference of values of benefits of elders and young, though there will be difference in values of benefits but that will be equitable to widen age groups.Fair Innings In later part of the article he explains his proposition as a fair innings1 7, in which he tries to explains that any person who lives his lifelong is kind of a fair cricket innings where he plays his innings save his wicket throughout his life and (using resources of health care for life) build it up till old age (threescore ten is 70 years3), while the one who gets out in young age or live a painful kind of life is an unfortunate one and who has been denied opportunities. So the quality of life should be more focused whatever age it is and how many years of life are left.This argument is almost similar for the alternative context of this paper where someone who spend his regenerative phase of life well and get some tragic death will considered unlucky. So quality of life does not depends on health facilities available, age spans, exposure of the person, economic situations and so many other variant and non-related factors can be considered.In the end Concluding his whole proposition, Alan explains that Age is important in determining the benefits and ultimately explains the disadvantages7 of being elder and low value benefits. As the age increase the value of your benefits decreases. He admits in his conclusion that he would have been preferring younger person benefits6 over his.Similarly, age matters a little bit in our alternative model but not as much that it can change the decisions. If our health care system is based on the suggested model of this paper, the criterion for determining the values of benefits would have been very different. Some alternative could have been involved due to age but within the rationale of main phase either generative or degenerative.Conclusion In this commentary I try my best to reflect my understanding of Alans debate, although he counters argue his own position many times but within the intension of Age as criterion to determine health benefits. Reflexivity of his theme can appear to my suggested model of health care setting, where I am onerous my best to create a parallel theme to Alans argument in order to get more grasp on his ideas. Concept of suggested model for health care setting based on generative and degenerative treatments, divine references about death and limits of life is my personal conception and believes. Within the explanation I have tried to create a parallel context for comparison.ReferencesWilliams, A (1997). The rationing debate. Rationing health care by age. BMJ British medical Journal, 314(7083), 820.The Holy Quran.The Holy Bible.T. L. Beauchamp, J. F. Childress. (2013) Principles of biomedical ethics, (7th ed.). New York Oxford University Press.Rivlin, M. M. (1995). Protecting elderly people flaws in ageist arguments. BMJ British Medical Journal, 310(6988), 1179.Hunt, R. W. (1993). A critiqu e of using age to ration health care. Journal of medical ethics, 19(1), 19-27.Evans, J. G. (1997). The rationing debate. Rationing health care by age. BMJ British Medical Journal, 314(7083), 822.

Django Unchained (2012) Film Analysis Postmodernism

Django Unchained (2012) Film Analysis PostmodernismDjango Unchained (Tarantino, 2012) set in Texas in 1858, deals with a variety of issues such as race, hard workerry, revenge and violence. The film sparked line of reasoning worldwide and amongst critics. Filmmaker Spike lee(prenominal) talks around the film during an interview with Vibe magazineAll Im going to say is that its disrespectful to my ancestors. Thats but me. Im not speaking on behalf of bothbody else (2012).Tarantino betokens that although the film is indeed graphic and brutal, it does not compargon to the real-life discoveries and findings from the research into this topic. The film sugar coats the violent happenings, as it leaves out f guessual gory detailsWe solely intellectually know the brutality and inhumanity of slavery, but after you do the research its no longer intellectual any more, no longer just diachronic record you feel it in your bones. It makes you angry, and want to do something Im here to tell you, that however bad things get in the movie, a lot worse shit happened (Child, 2013).Django Unchained is a gruesome depiction of what life as a slave was like during 1858 pre-civil war Texas, as well as a glimpse of existence outside the slave industry such as in Dr. King Schultzs (Christoph Waltz) case or the besotted Calvin Candie (Leonardo DiCaprio). It is a highly entertaining film which simultaneously disturbs and thrills, while also incorporating a healthy dose of humour throughout.The purpose of textual analysis is hardly to critically analyse a piece of cinema. As a research method, it stool be used to deconstruct the aim or overall signification of the film. Focusing on elements such as archives structure, exposition, narrative voice and editing is important when using textual analysis. Mise-en- candidate, setting, colour, tone, costume, props and lighting all operate important roles in the examination process. A textual analysis approach allows the text to be thoroughly studied, for shell, looking for patterns/relationships, finding the key/central themes and emblematic signifi evictce, as well as the ways in which the audience engage with the text, for instance, if an audience feel sympathy or pleasure towards a certain bureau of the film. Monaco discusses the importance of visuals, describing that it is useful, even vital, to learn to read images well so that the observer can seize some of the power of the medium (2000, p.159).I intend to attempt the ways in which Django Unchained can be viewed as a postmodern text. Postmodernism is a critique of modernism, the idea that there is no set writing style or structure no absolute truthPost- contemporaneity is fundamentally the eclectic mixture of any tradition with that of its immediate past it is both the continuation of Modernism and its transcendence (Jenks,1996).Jean Baudrillard talks about simulation, simulacra and hyperreality. Baudrillard argues that the audience live in an art ificial world, drawn in by images and media this is not reality and leads to hyperrealityImages argon no longer the reverberate of reality, they call for invested the heart of reality and transformed it into hyperreality, where from screen to screen, the only aim of the image is the image. The image can no longer speculate the real because it is the real it can no longer transcend reality, transfigure it or dream it, since images are virtual reality. In virtual reality, it is as if things had swallowed their mirror (Zurbrugg, 1997, p.12).Disneyland is an example of this as the fine line between reality and fantasy is unclear. Postmodern cinema contains a variety of features such as intertextuality, non-linear narratives, referentiality and pastiche. Frederic Jameson talks about the importance of pastiche in postmodern filmsPastiche is, like parody, the imitation of a peculiar or unique, idiosyncratic style, the wearing of a linguistic mask, pitch in a dead language. But it is a neutral practice of such mimicry, without any of parodys ulterior motives, amputated of the satiric impulse, devoid of laughter (Jameson, 1991).Django Unchained demonstrates features of postmodern surmisal and this is often the case with Tarantinos work, as described by RehlingTarantino is generally considered the postmodern filmmaker par excellence due to his penchant for intertextual allusions (2010, p.203).The film follows the storey of a bounty hunter (previously employed as dentist) Dr. King Schultz, who is searching for a trio of men named The Brittle Brothers. Schultz understands that Django (Jamie Foxx) is familiar with the brothers as he was once a slave to them, and realizes he must isolated Django for him to assist Schultz on the journey. Schultz mentors Django, and offers to pay him for his services while helping Django to live as a free man. The pair begin finding and killing various wanted men. Django explains he wishes to rescue his wife Broomhilda Von Shaft (Kerr y Washington), and is determined to find her. Schultz agrees to help Django on his armorial bearing to release Broomhilda, who they later discover is a slave of Calvin Candie at his plantation CandieLand. The two men begin their journey to CandieLand and adopt a strategy in the hope to free Djangos wife.The film has been described as a spaghetti western due to the amount of violence involved as well as a Blaxploitation film. The main hero of the film is Django, a black character, and this contrasts with other 19th century Western movies where the central hero is often white, such as magic trick Waynes character in The Searchers. It is also uncommon for a German character to be shown as the hero in this film genre. Djangos main goal is to grade and save Broomhilda from the slave trade. Although the film is violent in nature, comic relief is used throughout, for example, when Broomhilda faints at the sight of Django after he says Hey little troublemaker, to which Schultz replies yo u silver tongue devil, you. Pastiche is apparent when the Klansmen are preparing for a raid. The men bicker over the quality of the masks provided for them and this allows the spectator to laugh or poke fun at the characters. mode is used as a tool to help the audience cope with gory resource and the overall negative themes.Hyperreality is evident in Django Unchained as the film mimics a fictional world. Schultz tells Django about the far-famed German myth concerning a princess named Broomhilda who is held in captivity by a fierce dragon, until she is finally deliver by her hero. This relates to Djangos main objective to free his wife and adds to the fairy-tale notion. Calvin Candies estate is referred to as CandieLand which has rather positive connotations however the harsh reality is that CandieLand is where Broomhilda and other slaves are kept as prisoners. Another aspect of postmodernity within Django is the intertextuality used, such as the reference to other films. The 19 66 film Django is referenced firstly with the films title and actor Franco Nero (1966 Django) plays a cameo role. During Django and Schultzs fourth dimension within the Candie mansion, Nero asks Django how he spells his name. Django replies that the letter d is silent, to which Nero replies, I know. It then becomes evident why Neros character is important and his presence may spark curiosity in the viewer. In addition, Broomhilda Von Shaft is a reference to the Blaxploitation film Shaft. The soundtrack within the film is somewhat mismatched, combining a variety of dissentent genres, and this seems unusual due to the historical period when Django is set. Costume design stands out greatly, especially during the scene were Schultz encourages Django to pick his own clothes. His first freedom outfit is extravagant and the blue suit imitates to the famous painting The Blue Boy (Gainsborough, 1770). This mimicking effect encourages a postmodern feel, and the notion of bricolage or that no thing is infinite everything in existence is a copy of itself. sexual urge in cinema is significant and Django Unchained represents gender in different ways. Laura Mulvey (1975) talks about the male gazeThe determining male gaze projects its conjuring trick on to the egg-producing(prenominal) figure which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic electric shock so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness (Mulvey, 1975, p.62).Mulveys theory can be applied to Django Unchained as the female characters do not have demanding roles or are depicted as damsels in distress. Mulvey talks about woman as image, man as bearer of the look (1975, p.62) implying the notion that female characters are admired by a male audience solely down to their physical appearance.The male characters keep the film moving forward as Django and Schultz lead the story, whil e supporting males are crucial to the plot such as Calvin Candie and Stephen (Samuel L. Jackson). The viewer may appreciate the visuals provided by the female however can relate more to the male charactersVoyeuristic visual pleasure is produced by looking at another (character, figure, situation) as our object, whereas narcissistic visual pleasure can be derived from identification with the (figure in the) image (Smelik, 2001, p.9).Throughout Django, the female image is displayed in soft lighting, encouraging a sense of beauty and romanticism. During these moments, for example, the hallucinations Django has of Broomhilda, the viewer appreciates the imagery and momentarily shifts away from the narrative, as the female characters appearance tends to work against the development of a story line, to freeze the flow of action in moments of erotic mirror image (Mulvey, 1975, p.62).Although Broomhilda is incredibly important to Django, her character alone is not of importance. We witness Broomhilda being whipped and beaten however it seems we are not so concerned about her benefit but more so the way in which this affects Djangos actions. There is an underlying notion that the women in the film are the property of the male characters (Broomhilda belongs to Django, Lara Lee (Laura Cayouette) belongs to Calvin Candie, etc.). The female characters have little dialogue compared to the male characters, implying the idea that they should be seen and not heard. It can however be argued that Broomhilda is strong and independent, due to the fact she has endured endless whirl and suffering since Django has been apart from her. In addition, she has attempted to escape CandieLand without the help of Django.Mulvey describes female objectificationWoman displayed as sexual object is the leit-motif of erotic spectacle from pin-ups to strip-tease, from Ziegfeld to Busby Berkeley, she holds the look, plays to and signifies male proneness (1975, p.62).At CandieLand, Schultz asks fo r alone time with Broomhilda due the fact she is fluent in German. Django had predicted earlier that she was being used as a comfort girl (a slave for sex). There is the suggestion that Schultz is expecting a sexual encounter with Broomhilda and this view is held by everyone at CandieLand aside from Django. It becomes apparent that the women are sexual objects for men and this should not be questioned but rather expected. Schultz realises that if he does not pretend this is indeed his intention with Broomhilda, there may be suspicions about him and Djangos presence. We see Broomhilda being removed from the alive(p) box, as she is naked and continues to scream. This contrasts with the next time Broomhilda is seen she has been dressed up to appear beautiful and presentable for Schultz emphasising the idea that her purpose is only to be looked at and her slaying from earlier is unacceptable. Lara Lee is shown in a similar way, as she often appears doll-like and attractive, wearing e laborate dresses. She acts elegant and polite around the male characters, as though to impress them. Laura Lees behaviour relates to the idea of fetishism and the notion of these women being hyper-polishedFetishizing the woman deflects attention from female lack and changes her from a dangerous figure into a tranquillise object of flawless beauty (Smelik, 2001, p.11).Sadism is introduced in the film this is the belief that the woman should be punished or forced to seek forgiveness within the narrative. An example of this is during the scene when Broomhilda is asked to undress and reveal her scars to the group of men in the room. Candie is determined to remind Broomhilda of her place at CandieLand, ensuring she and those in the room understand that Broomhilda belongs to him. He has mark her physically with these scars, and she has evidently been punished through such torture. She is also continuously being punished through the fact she must show herself to these men.Once Djangos i ndividuality is discovered, he wakes up to realise he has been tied upside down. A man enters, explaining he is to be castrated using a hot knife. This scene stands out as the man reveals he has received these orders from Lara Lee. This highlights male fears around the female presence the woman is viewed as a danger or curse as well as male anxiety regarding castration.Classic cinema solves the threat of castration in one of two ways in the narrative structure or through fetishism (Cook Bernink, 1999, p.354).The black male characters are objectified in Django Unchained, for example, during the Mandingo fighting scene. Candie demands these black slaves to fight one another, for his own pleasure. The men are dressed with little clothing and like the females, do not have any dialogue in the film nor are they given names. They are plainly there to be looked at for Candie to witness them fighting. The men often grunt throughout, implying the notion that they are animals or beasts used only to fight, as though they are being trained like dogs, which also dehumanizes them. The audience observe the fight from Candies objectifying point of view with minimal flashes of Django or Schultzs reactions, to restore the understanding of how cruel this act is. Within Candies dining room, a marble statue of two naked men fighting can be seen. Once Schultz meets Broomhilda and explains the escape plan to her, Django appears at the inlet however he is filmed in a seductive manner. The camera begins at Djangos feet and slowly moves upwards, scanning over his entire body. This allows the viewer to look at Django and examine him closely before dialogue is heard, and technique is unusual as it would normally be used for a female characterThere is, in other words, a specific and even ritualized form of male objectification and eroticization in Hollywood cinema (Weems et al., 2010, p.83).There may be a somewhat homoerotic relationship between Candie and his loyal and oldest house sl ave Stephen. Stephen always supports Candie and appears desperate to please him or win his respect. Stephen is not afraid to disagree or argue with Candie, which is evident when Django arrives and Stephen is appalled that he has the same rights as a white man. Candie states that he grew up in a house full of niggers, which portrays that Stephen has perhaps brocaded Calvin and a further reason behind their closeness. Within CandieLand, Stephen has not suffered or been tortured in the same way other slaves have, and thus sees Django as a threat to his position. It can be argued that Stephen may be suffering from Stockholm Syndrome or has simply become brainwashed as his life at CandieLand is all he has ever known.To conclude, Django Unchained is a well written film which deals with an array of issues throughout. The film is evidently postmodern in nature, as it presents aspects of postmodern theory such as intertextuality. It can be argued that Mulveys argument relating to the male ga ze is apparent due to the representation of female characters in Django, and the way in which they differ from the male characters, for example, having little dialogue or action/purpose within the films narrative. Male objectification however also manifests itself in Django, and thus the sexualisation of both genders is noticeable.ReferencesBealer, T. (2013) Did Quentin Tarantinos Feminism draw back a Step Backwards in Django Unchained? Online Available http//www.genderfocus.com/2013/01/07/did-quentin-tarantinos-feminism-take-a-step-backwards-in-django-unchained/ Accessed 9 March 2017.Child, B. (2012) Django Unchained Wins Over Black Audience Despite Spike Lee Criticism. The Guardian. 3 January. Available https//www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jan/03/django-unchained-spike-lee Accessed 8 March 2017.Cook, P. and Bernink, M. (1999) The Cinema Book. initiatory ed. London British Film Institute.Doyle, H. (2010) Gender, Sadism, and Masochism in the Works of Wilkie Collins. Online Availab le http//vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol6/iss1/34 Accessed 7 March 2017.Gainsborough, T. (1770) The Blue Boy. Oil on Canvas 178 x 112cm Henry E. Huntington Art Gallery, San Marino.Haastrup, H. (2014) Storytelling Intertextuality. Film International. Vol.12(1), pp.85-97.Jameson, F. (1991) Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. 1st ed. Durham Duke University Press.Jencks, C. (1996) What Is Post-modernism? 4th ed. boodle Academy Editions.Monaco, J. (2000) How to Read A Film. 1st ed. New York Oxford University Press.Mulvey, L. (1975) Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen. Online Vol.16(3), p.62. Available https//www.asu.edu/courses/fms504/total-readings/mulvey-visualpleasure.pdf Accessed 9 March 2017.Rehling, N. (2010) Extra-Ordinary Men. 1st ed. Lanham Lexington Books.Smelik, P. (2001) And the Mirror Cracked. 1st ed. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Tarantino, Q. (dir.) (2012) Django Unchained. DVD The Weinstein Company. 166 minsWeems, C., Berger, M., Wallis, B. and Watson, S. (2010) Constructing Masculinity. 1st ed. New York Routledge, p.83.Zurbrugg, N. (1997) Jean Baudrillard, Art and Artefact. 1st ed. London Sage.

Gerotranscendence as an alternative ageing theory

Gerotranscendence as an alternative develop suppositionThe scheme of gerotranscendence has been elect for the purpose of this essay as it re chip ins an alternative sequenceing possibleness and can be drug abuseful when planning to carry out a research project in a nursing home with the direct to find oneself out how elderly people experience their daily life history in an institution. The possible action of gerotranscendence whitethorn help provide a more fit version of the quality of life of the ancienter adult living in a nursing home (Tornstam, 1989 Tornstam, 1997b). A brief description of the theory of gerotranscendence follows.Fawcett (2000) palisades that the theories on human bestrideing whitethorn be divided into two main categories bio crystal clear ageing theories, andthe psychological and social ageing theories. This essay aims to describe, analyze and present a critique of Lars Tornstams theory of Gerotranscendence. jibe to Tornstam (1992, 1994, 1996a) human ageing is characterized by a general c atomic number 18 for towards gerotranscendence. Gerotranscendence is a slipperiness in meta- stead, from a bourgeois and rational view of the world to a more cosmic and transcendent view. It is a natural and individual process that leads to maturity and wisdom in aged age (Tornstam, 1996b).Within this essay, the basis of this theory will be explored, together with the analysis of its development. Moreover, the theory of gerotranscendence will be viewed in the decrease of the nursing scientific discipline and whether it is simple and logical to comprehend. Values and assumptions will withal be reviewed. These be the topics that this essay will attempt to reason in relation to the nursing lend angiotensin-converting enzymeself, learning and research.2.0 Description of the Theory of GerotranscendenceThe theory of gerotranscendence was developed by Lars Tornstam, professor of sociology at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Thi s theory has been developed as a reaction to the prevailing ageing theories at bottom gerontological nursing (Tornstam, 1992).Tornstam (1992, 1994, 1996a) states that human ageing, i.e. living into sexagenarian age, is characterized by a general process towards gerotranscendence. This process involves a change in the sort individuals perceive basic sen beatnts, and it occurs after a certain stay in life. The definition of reality also changes as a guide of this. In a normal ageing process this shift is made from the middle-aged soulfulnesss definition of reality establish on a materialistic and rational resource, to the ageing persons more cosmic and transcendent vision. Tornstam growed to eastern cultures and religion, in the form of Zen Buddhism in order to formulate his theory (Tornstam, 1992, 1994, 1996a).According to Tornstam (1994), a transcendent vision of life involves a change in the perception of time, so that the boundaries amidst past, present and future are e rased. In the same way the boundaries between the ego and early(a) individuals may also become diffused. These boundaries between past, present and future, and between self and differents, which in a materialistic and rational way of thinking are so important, become superfluous in old age (Tornstam, 1992, 1994, 1996a).As a consequence, the individual with a transcendent perspective experiences in old age a need to spend more time on meditation and less on material things and superficial social relations. The material world is avoided, whilst the senior adult turns to spirituality a more important archetype in life. A person who has experienced gerotranscendence view the younger generation as captured in a materialistic conception of the world, spending their time on superficial relationships and things (Tornstam, 1989). Thus, as Tornstam sustains, after mid-life there is a natural conception of life, which in turn brings a change in how we look at life i.e. a shift in meta-pe rspective, as Tornstam labels it. This new meta-perspective provides the individual with an easy way to understand what to value in old age (Tornstam, 1994).The shift in meta-perspective is normal for all individuals according to Tornstam, since it is genetically conditioned. Gerotranscendence is the end result of a natural process towards maturation and wisdom in which reality is defined differently than in mid-life. Due to its natural origins, gerotranscendence lead the older adult to have an increased life satisfaction after mid-life (Tornstam, 1994). The progression towards gerotranscendence may be hindered or accelerated by ethnic characteristics. The presence of prevalent values of effectiveness, materialism and independence in Western culture may obstruct or retard much(prenominal) process (Tornstam, 1997c).Tornstam suggests that the theory of gerotranscendence is one of several valu competent theories on ageing (Tornstam, 1994). different theories, such as the social bre akd deliver syndrome, may be relevant for some elderly people (Fawcett, 2000). This theory is meant as a supplement which represents another(prenominal) paradigm. However, Fawcett (2000) suggests that two paradigms may be valid at the same time, it is only necessary to know what they represent.3.0 -Theory of Gerotranscendence An Analysis3.1 Concept AnalysisNo definition of the concept behind gerotranscendence is provided by the author (Thorsen, 1998). Rather than providing a definition, the author of this theory chooses to describe the concept by an analysis of social values combined with a portrayal of the distinctive features of gerotranscendence (Thorsen, 1998 Gamliel, 2001). iodine may argue that the lack of a direct definition of the concept behind this theory may itself cause vagueness in its usage both in grooming and practice. Within practice nursing, there is a general agreement within the literature that signs of gerotranscendence are often construe as pathological rat her than a natural process (Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten Carlsson, 2000 Wadensten, 2007). Wadensten and Carlsson (2000) argued that a lack of a clear definition of the concept behind gerotranscendence may result in an incorrect and/or absent theoretical framework to relate to, influencing both nursing in practice and nursing research (Meleis, 1991). Perhaps Tornstam has chosen not to define the concept because he thinks that a brief description would only serve to narrow down the understanding of the concept (Fawcett, 2000 Watson, 1997). One may also argue that the lack of concept definition can be used as an advantage both in nursing research and practice as it will unconsciously increase its applicability in different contexts (Meleis, 1991).Is the Concept logically derived?The concept of gerotranscendence is in many respects a logical one since it is intuitively easy to understand as it may make the readers recognize their own ageing process and their experiences with older adults (M eleis, 1991 Wadensten, 2006). Within an academic point of view, this type of intuitive smack for a concept is not interpreted very scientific, but is probably important since it makes it easier to grasp the general idea ofthe theory. On the other hand, the lack of definition makes it more difficult to understand.Secondly, Tornstam derives the concept of gerotranscendence from concepts present in Eastern cultures and eastern Philosophy, such as Zen Buddhism which are rather un old(prenominal) and unscientific from a Western cultural and logical point of view. Concepts such as mystical, meditation, cosmic communion and especially his description of diffuse borders in time and between objects, makes the concept of gerotranscendence hard to understand in a logical sense both in nursing education and nursing practice (Thorsen, 1998 Wadensten, 2007a). The shift in meta-perspective i.e. past, present and future become diffused, whilst the self and others become indistinct are often denom inated to be pathological in Western cultures (Wadensten, 2007a). From this perspective the concept of gerotranscendence may appear illogical.In line with these arguments, Wadensten and Carlsson (2000) investigated whether nursing staff in Swedish nursing homes could recognize signs of gerotranscendence. Qualitative interviews and an interview guide based on the theory of gerotranscendence were used.Findings showed that staff noticed signs of gerotranscendence however most of these signs were interpreted as pathological sustaining previously raised arguments (Wadensten and Carlsson, 2000). If the theory of gerotranscendence is used to provide an interpretative framework, these signs would be butt againstn as normal aspects of ageing.3.2 Theory AnalysisThe basis of the Theory of GerotranscendenceTornstam (1992 and 1997a) argues that within gerontological research there is a prevailing research paradigm which negatively affects nursing and gerontological research and alternitavely health care distribution. He (Tornstam, 1994) states that gerontology is encapsulated in a natural science paradigm, entailing that research is primarily focused on the behavior of the elderly, where the individuals are regarded as research objects only, discarding experiences, attitudes and behaviors. This research paradigm generally states that the researcher shall assess and analyze the actual facts concerning a phenomenon in an objective and unbiased manner. Tornstam (1992 and 1997a) argues that within this prevailing gerontological research the last mentioned is not achieved.Gerontological and nurse researchers can modify the paradigm by asking the elderly themselves near their understanding and experience of their own situation, in other words a more phenomenological approach. Wadensten (2005) conducted a qualitative descriptive study in order to interject the theory of gerotranscendence to older people. Participants were invited to participate in group sessions at a day c entre during which they discussed their ageing process. A video on the theory of gerotranscendence was shown, and participants were asked to discuss the description of the ageing process described in the video with their own personal experiences. From this study, Wadensten (2005) concluded that involving the elderly in their own care is an opportunity to use aspects of the theory of gerotranscendence as an intervention in nursing. Wadensten (2005) argued that nurses are in an ideal position to improve the quality of life for the older adult and to promote health using a phenomenological approach, through discussions about ageing.Furthermore Tornstam (1992) claims that the anthropological research tradition may be useful in this respect. An immediate reaction in the nursing literature (Thorsen, 1998 Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten, 2007a Roy, 1984 consider referencing actual article) proposes the following questionsDoes Tornstam himself consider this criticism when formulating his own theory ?Does reversing the prevalent paradigm mean that one is assuming the perspective of the elderly? Isnt it a researcher in mid-life who is performing this reversal?Does turning to Eastern religion and philosophy mean that the elderly in Western cultures are not being taken seriously?It is conspicuous that Tornstam, who criticizes gerontological research and theory development, appears to fall into the same trap as the other theoreticians. Some authors argue that the basis of the theory of gerotranscendence is acquired only from a little number of elderly. Others argue that such theory should be developed by asking elderly populations within a Western culture. However Tornstam (1989) justifies the latter as he thinks that they are captured in a materialistic and rationalistic world. Tornstam reverses the values he claims are predominant in the West, stating that they are the real values of the elderly.Tornstam also does not ask the elderly from a Western culture about their vital spiri tual values. intimately of the elderly in the West have their spiritual roots in this religion. Perhaps nursing practice, research and education would have mat more familiar with Tornstams ideas if he had based his theory on Christian philosophy and Western Cultures.What Kind of Theory and at Which Level is it Valid?Tornstam recounts his own increasing feeling of doubt when the theory of disengagement was rejected by the gerontological community. He had first agreed that the theory should be rejected, but later he felt intuitively that this theory had an explanatory force which gerontological researchers were unable to achieve. Tornstam thus used logical reasoning combined with his own feelings when formulating the theory, which indicates a theory based on deduction (Tornstam, 1989).On the other hand, empirical data have obviously been vital to the formulation of the theory. Tornstam reacted to the many myths on ageing that persisted even though empirical research proved the oppo site (Tornstam, 1989). He also noted that the elderly themselves reported being very satisfied with their lives, even though they had evidently reduced their social natural process, and also did not feel lonelier in old age than earlier in their lives (Roy, 1984). These empirical findings clearly contributed to the formulation of the theory of gerotranscendence. Moreover, it provides a new understanding of what is called passivity of the elderly (Tornstam, 1989).The theory of gerotranscendence is mainly developed through deduction, but also with input of empirical data, and hence is doubtless preferably typical. It is hard to define the theory as either deductive or inductive, but it is probably primarily deductive (Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten, 2006).Generalisation Potential of the Theory?The theory states that all humans will naturally develop towards gerotranscendence, that this is a universal phenomenon. In other words, the theory aims to dupe for all individuals (Wadensten, 2006). What about the difference between Eastern and Western values? The theory also includes strategies to explain why the expected development towards a transcendent existence does not occur. These accounts state that cultural characteristics may prevent such a normal development. On the other hand Thorsen (1998) argues that in Western post-modern cultures the ageing processes are becoming manifold, often contradictory. patriarchal present versions of the selves that are becoming complex, multiplied (multiple selves), acting at different scenes, stamped by varied cultural values, presenting mixed versions of activity and passivity, engagement and retractment, wordliness and transcendence (Thorsen, 1998). This in turn sheds further doubts on the ageing process and how such process should be viewed by the healthcare workers, nurse researchers and the elderly themselves. Redfern and Ross (2006) argue that despite many theories of ageing, interpretative frameworks and guidelines of care, the ageing process and the care involved cannot be standardized into one single definition and/or guidelines of care.What is the Aim and Intention of the Theory?The theory of gerotranscendence attempts to explain why a transcendent form of life is the most natural one. His explanation is that this is a biological necessity for everyone. Tornstam also explains why we dont see so much transcendence among the elderly in our Western culture (Wadensten, 2006). He claims that this is because our culture does not allow or appreciate transcendence, and instead regards such phenomena as unnatural and irrational. It may also be discussed whether the theory presents predictions about a positive old age. The theory states that a transcendent old age is positive and this may be understood as a normative prediction on old age. On the other hand, Thorsen (1998) warns that Tornstams theory should not be viewed as a universal process, applicable for every human being. Thorsen (1998) narrates that o ld age and its process are embedded within society as the latter contains notions about normative appropriateness to various age groups.4.0 Critique of the TheoryIs the Theory Coherent and Consistent?The theory is predominantly coherent, for a reader it is easy to understand what Tornstam means when he describes the ageing process as a development towards a more contemplative form of life. Thorsen (1998) highlights some unclear arguments from the theory presented by Tornstam. Thorsen (1998) argues that the theory of gerotranscendence points out that throughout mid-life an individual is more materialistic and rational.If it is true that we are more materialistic and rational in mid-life should that not apply to everyone, also those people living in the East? If this is a genetic factor it should apply to all people. Or do cultural characteristics take anteriority over biological factors? (Thorsen, 1998). Thorsen (1998) considers this part of Tornstams theory to be somewhat vague an d inconsistent. In line with this perspective Thorsen (1998) argue that old people, like young people, are undergoing an individual and social process of change. At the same time individuals of all ages are influenced by changes in the spirit of the age. Thorsen (1998) argues that irrelevant from the age group ever-changing cultural characteristics leave their stamp both on the individuals world-view and his/her perception of self. The main argument of Thorsen (1998) is that he rejects the notion proposed by Tornstam that transcendence is determined by essential genetic factors.In fact Thorsen (1998) states that self is neither cultural, ahistoric, bodiless and genderless in the ageing process. This argument puts more doubts on how the older adult and the ageing person should be viewed within the society, more precisely within the healthcare system.Furthermore, one may question whether there is consistency between Tornstams own paradigm and his theory. According to his research par adigm the values and opinions of the elderly themselves shall form the basis of theories on ageing which in turn provide an interpretative framework in health care education and practice settings. The theory of gerotranscendence is logically derived from another theory and is based on empirical research with the elderly as research objects. One may argue that it is hard to find the consistency here between Tornstams theory and his paradigm. Likewise, the consistency becomes somewhat ambiguous between Tornstams research paradigm and his own research to verify his theory as the author applies the survey method (Tornstam 1994) to verify his own theory, which may seem rather peculiar viewed in the light of his severe criticism of the natural science paradigm. Tornstam (1996b) also states that phenomenological philosophy and anthropology may be useful points of departure for approaching the theory. It can hardly be utter that Tornstam himself employs such a theoretical basis it was not before the qualitative study in 1997 that he introduced this approach.The implications of the above argument on nursing education involve that further research is required in order to test the validity of the theory of gerotranscendence, as research on the latter is limited. This is also preserve the nursing literature reviewed for the purpose of this essay (Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2000). Within the practical settings, the implications of the above argument involve the revising of the practical guidelines provided by Tornstam, based on his theory (Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002). Although these guidelines provide an interpretative framework for nurses within nursing practice, when viewed in the light of lack of rigorous nursing research about the topic, one needs to consider their specificity and sensitivity to identify the signs of gerotranscendence in the older adult.Is the Theory Useful for Nursing?The theory of gerotranscendence is form ulated in a gerontological research community and is not specifically linked to nursing (Gamliel, 2001 Tornstam, 1997b). Will the theory of ageing in general and this theory in particular be useful for nursing? In order to answer this question one must first explain what is meant by useful. Theory may be useful both for developing the theory structure of an academic subject and for the practical exercise of a profession (Meleis, 1991).In terms of theory structure this theory may lead to a more balanced understanding of the old patient. The theoretical bases that have been predominant within nursing are role theories and the activity theory. Role theories, such as the theory of the social breakdown syndrome, explain the withdrawal of the elderly as discharge of role in society (Redfern Ross, 2006). The passivity of the elderly in institutions has also been interpreted with similar theories.Thus, there are grounds for stating that the theories which have so far been employed in nurs ing are based on one paradigm and mainly on one explanatory strategy loss of roles (Fawcett, 2000). When the withdrawal of the elderly is only considered a disadvantage and is explained to be caused by loss of roles, it is logical that activation is chosen as a means to curb a negative development. The theory of gerotranscendence may provide another interpretation and explanation of the withdrawal of the elderly (Wadensten, 2006 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002).For practical nursing a new perspective may have concrete consequences, both for the occupation itself and for the nurse personally. Nurses, like other occupational groups, perform their occupation on the basis of theoretical knowledge, intrinsic values and practical skills. A practicing nurse is many years younger than the old patient and will probably be influenced by those values that Tornstam calls Western and which are predominant in mid-life. Because of all these factors the nurse may easily find that the old person has a passive and pathetic form of life, and consider the right remedy will be to activate the patient (Wadensten, 2006 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002).Nurses have process now been trained to, and been socialized into a role in which everybody thinks that all elderly are to be activated whether they want to or not. Nurses have learnt that activity is healthy and we know that activity may prevent social isolation, physical decline and complications (Redfern and Ross, 2006). Thus, the nurse feels that her knowledge of this phenomenon gives her a right and duty to activate the old patient. The nurse can motivate and defend her choice of action by a theory which states that it is good for people, including the elderly, to be active.In this perspective one may argue that Tornstams theory may be a useful supplement. If his theory is emphasized as much in practical nursing as the above mentioned theories have been, the nurse will be entitled to let the patient choose what many of us would call p assivity. The nurse will be able to explain on the basis of a theory why the patient has been given such a choice (Wadensten, 2006 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002). Secondly, the nurse will have a better conscience while performing her job. Many nurses find they are forcing the elderly to be active. This type of coercion is against ethical principles such as the liberty principle, and serves to give the nurse a bad conscience. The nurse is in an awkward position, between the benevolence principle based on the paradigm that Tornstam criticizes so severely and the autonomy principle. The theory of gerotranscendence may help to lessen the conflict between these two principles.5.0 ConclusionTornstams theory of gerotranscendence introduces a completely new method of interpreting old age. What makes this theory special is his new interpretation of the withdrawal and passivity of the elderly as another form of activity. This activity is qualitatively different from the glaring activity th at we have focused on so far, in the form of social activity and engagement.Tornstam labels this form of activity transcendence and says that it helps to enhance the experience of a good life. Tornstam contributes to a balanced understanding of living into old age, and is obviously right in his criticism of how we have transplanted mid-life values into old age. His theory may to a large extent provide a new understanding of life in old age, for example old people who refuse to incommode their social sphere, or who do not find activities in institutions meaningful.Tornstams theory is interesting and exciting to read and is extremely relevant for nursing. It can offer new ideas to nursing and insights into ageing and into those values and theories that influence the exercise of a practical occupation.

archimedes :: essays research papers

ArchimedesArchimedes lived during 287? - 212 B.C. The nationality of Archimedes is Greek in which he was born in Syracuse, Sicily. (World 605). Archimedes attended a school in Alexandria, Egypt. He was trained by such greats as Conon and Eratosthenes. (Math 22)The area of work that Archimedes was knows for is his work in Geometry and astronomy because his incur was an astronomer. Archimedes is also known for Hydrostatics, static mechanics, pycnometry and he is called the father of integral calculus. (MCS 1).His mathematical contributions are endless and are still used to this day. First there is his method of finding Pi, the ratio between the diameter and tour of a circle. This was greatly needed in his times for builders dealing with large works of art. He also computed the area of a segment of a parabola. By using triangles he found them to be the pieces of Geometry. There is the Archimedean spiral that is still used in Egypt to drain and fill farmland with water. It is a tube w ith a spiral screw that is turned and then the water enter the chambers and lifts out the other side. Other remarkable works are the Sandreckoner that is where he starts a number system capable of expressing numbers up to 8x1016. He says this method can be used to count all the grains of sand in the world. He was also known for his invention of the catapult, which helped the Greeks with there Roman problems. (Math 24).Thing that helped and hindered Archimedes in mathematical greatness are concededly dealt with wars. Such as the Rome and Carthage war when the Romans shape to invade Syracuse. Archimedes used his math knowledge to come up with catapults and a large grappling hooks, that where hooked to a lever that in turn bring up the ships out of the water and dropped them. One of the most different things that he did that dealt with the war was when they attack, Archimedes had the Greek men hold up special shaped shields that were focused on the ships and when the sun hit the shi elds the ships went up in flames this is also a myth that no one knows the truth to. This in turn helped and hinder him it made him come up with new ideas but he had no time to deal with other thing of non-war activities (Gap 7)

Comparison of Ethiopia and Mali Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Brief Overview of the History of EthiopiaEthiopia is one of the most unique among African countries for maintaining its freedom from colonial rule, with the short censure of an occupation by the Italians from 1936-1941. A socialist state was established in 1974 with the overthrow of Emperor Selassie, who had been in control since 1930. A junta or host of military officers called the Derg was responsible for the coup. Yet, this corrupt administration has lead only to warfare and wide scale public suffering. In 1991, the junta was finally brought down by a combination of revolutionary forces who called themselves the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front. In 1994, a constitution was drafted and 1995 marked Ethiopias first multiparty elections. Recently, a boarder animosity with Eritrea, that lasted over 2 years, was ended in December of 2000 yet recent objections by Ethiopia have delayed a final declaration of border. The killlocked estate of Ethiopia is located in e ast Africa, just west of Somalia, and is roughly twice the size of Texas . Ethiopias natural resources include platinum, copper, and small reserves of gold. Only .65% of the land is suitable and allotted for permanent crops. Ethiopia is currently facing several environmental concerns including deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, and water shortages due to poor management of water-intensive farming. Ethiopias population is in excess of 66 million. Ethiopia is home to numerous ethnic groups, the largest being Oromo, which accounts for 40% of the population. About half of the Ethiopian population is Muslim, with the majority of the other half practicing Ethiopian Orthodox. Ethiopias government is a federal republic which grants its citizens voting rights at 18 years of age. Currently, Ethiopia faces the problem of attempting to control the illicit drugs that come through the country, as it acts as a hub for the transportation of heroin and cocaine. A Brief Overview of the History of MaliMali became a French colony in 1904 and was renamed French Sudan. In June of 1960, it gained its independence and became know as the Sudanese nation. The Sudanese Republic associated with the Republic of Senegal under one federation. In August of 1960, Senegal broke off connections with the federation, and the Sudanese Republic changed its name to The Republic of Mali.... ... use their homes as collateral for startup capital to create businesses or invest, promoting economic expansion. It was also interesting to read about the history of each country, and I was surprised when I realized that Ethiopia is one of the oldest independent countries. This report was extremely fascinating and helped me get a better grasp on events outside of the unite States. I feel that a worldview is increasingly important in our day and age to help people better understand the problems and solutions in developing nations. working Cited1.The CIA, http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ind ex.html2.The formal HDI Report, http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/pdf/hdr03_indicators.pdf3.The European Union, http//europa.eu.int/index_en.htm4.The World Bank, http//poverty.worldbank.org/library/view/8702/5.http//www.geographia.com/mali6.http//www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/mali.htm7.http//www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/ethiopia.htm