Gerotranscendence as an alternative ageing theory

Gerotranscendence as an alternative develop suppositionThe scheme of gerotranscendence has been elect for the purpose of this essay as it re chip ins an alternative sequenceing possibleness and can be drug abuseful when planning to carry out a research project in a nursing home with the direct to find oneself out how elderly people experience their daily life history in an institution. The possible action of gerotranscendence whitethorn help provide a more fit version of the quality of life of the ancienter adult living in a nursing home (Tornstam, 1989 Tornstam, 1997b). A brief description of the theory of gerotranscendence follows.Fawcett (2000) palisades that the theories on human bestrideing whitethorn be divided into two main categories bio crystal clear ageing theories, andthe psychological and social ageing theories. This essay aims to describe, analyze and present a critique of Lars Tornstams theory of Gerotranscendence. jibe to Tornstam (1992, 1994, 1996a) human ageing is characterized by a general c atomic number 18 for towards gerotranscendence. Gerotranscendence is a slipperiness in meta- stead, from a bourgeois and rational view of the world to a more cosmic and transcendent view. It is a natural and individual process that leads to maturity and wisdom in aged age (Tornstam, 1996b).Within this essay, the basis of this theory will be explored, together with the analysis of its development. Moreover, the theory of gerotranscendence will be viewed in the decrease of the nursing scientific discipline and whether it is simple and logical to comprehend. Values and assumptions will withal be reviewed. These be the topics that this essay will attempt to reason in relation to the nursing lend angiotensin-converting enzymeself, learning and research.2.0 Description of the Theory of GerotranscendenceThe theory of gerotranscendence was developed by Lars Tornstam, professor of sociology at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. Thi s theory has been developed as a reaction to the prevailing ageing theories at bottom gerontological nursing (Tornstam, 1992).Tornstam (1992, 1994, 1996a) states that human ageing, i.e. living into sexagenarian age, is characterized by a general process towards gerotranscendence. This process involves a change in the sort individuals perceive basic sen beatnts, and it occurs after a certain stay in life. The definition of reality also changes as a guide of this. In a normal ageing process this shift is made from the middle-aged soulfulnesss definition of reality establish on a materialistic and rational resource, to the ageing persons more cosmic and transcendent vision. Tornstam growed to eastern cultures and religion, in the form of Zen Buddhism in order to formulate his theory (Tornstam, 1992, 1994, 1996a).According to Tornstam (1994), a transcendent vision of life involves a change in the perception of time, so that the boundaries amidst past, present and future are e rased. In the same way the boundaries between the ego and early(a) individuals may also become diffused. These boundaries between past, present and future, and between self and differents, which in a materialistic and rational way of thinking are so important, become superfluous in old age (Tornstam, 1992, 1994, 1996a).As a consequence, the individual with a transcendent perspective experiences in old age a need to spend more time on meditation and less on material things and superficial social relations. The material world is avoided, whilst the senior adult turns to spirituality a more important archetype in life. A person who has experienced gerotranscendence view the younger generation as captured in a materialistic conception of the world, spending their time on superficial relationships and things (Tornstam, 1989). Thus, as Tornstam sustains, after mid-life there is a natural conception of life, which in turn brings a change in how we look at life i.e. a shift in meta-pe rspective, as Tornstam labels it. This new meta-perspective provides the individual with an easy way to understand what to value in old age (Tornstam, 1994).The shift in meta-perspective is normal for all individuals according to Tornstam, since it is genetically conditioned. Gerotranscendence is the end result of a natural process towards maturation and wisdom in which reality is defined differently than in mid-life. Due to its natural origins, gerotranscendence lead the older adult to have an increased life satisfaction after mid-life (Tornstam, 1994). The progression towards gerotranscendence may be hindered or accelerated by ethnic characteristics. The presence of prevalent values of effectiveness, materialism and independence in Western culture may obstruct or retard much(prenominal) process (Tornstam, 1997c).Tornstam suggests that the theory of gerotranscendence is one of several valu competent theories on ageing (Tornstam, 1994). different theories, such as the social bre akd deliver syndrome, may be relevant for some elderly people (Fawcett, 2000). This theory is meant as a supplement which represents another(prenominal) paradigm. However, Fawcett (2000) suggests that two paradigms may be valid at the same time, it is only necessary to know what they represent.3.0 -Theory of Gerotranscendence An Analysis3.1 Concept AnalysisNo definition of the concept behind gerotranscendence is provided by the author (Thorsen, 1998). Rather than providing a definition, the author of this theory chooses to describe the concept by an analysis of social values combined with a portrayal of the distinctive features of gerotranscendence (Thorsen, 1998 Gamliel, 2001). iodine may argue that the lack of a direct definition of the concept behind this theory may itself cause vagueness in its usage both in grooming and practice. Within practice nursing, there is a general agreement within the literature that signs of gerotranscendence are often construe as pathological rat her than a natural process (Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten Carlsson, 2000 Wadensten, 2007). Wadensten and Carlsson (2000) argued that a lack of a clear definition of the concept behind gerotranscendence may result in an incorrect and/or absent theoretical framework to relate to, influencing both nursing in practice and nursing research (Meleis, 1991). Perhaps Tornstam has chosen not to define the concept because he thinks that a brief description would only serve to narrow down the understanding of the concept (Fawcett, 2000 Watson, 1997). One may also argue that the lack of concept definition can be used as an advantage both in nursing research and practice as it will unconsciously increase its applicability in different contexts (Meleis, 1991).Is the Concept logically derived?The concept of gerotranscendence is in many respects a logical one since it is intuitively easy to understand as it may make the readers recognize their own ageing process and their experiences with older adults (M eleis, 1991 Wadensten, 2006). Within an academic point of view, this type of intuitive smack for a concept is not interpreted very scientific, but is probably important since it makes it easier to grasp the general idea ofthe theory. On the other hand, the lack of definition makes it more difficult to understand.Secondly, Tornstam derives the concept of gerotranscendence from concepts present in Eastern cultures and eastern Philosophy, such as Zen Buddhism which are rather un old(prenominal) and unscientific from a Western cultural and logical point of view. Concepts such as mystical, meditation, cosmic communion and especially his description of diffuse borders in time and between objects, makes the concept of gerotranscendence hard to understand in a logical sense both in nursing education and nursing practice (Thorsen, 1998 Wadensten, 2007a). The shift in meta-perspective i.e. past, present and future become diffused, whilst the self and others become indistinct are often denom inated to be pathological in Western cultures (Wadensten, 2007a). From this perspective the concept of gerotranscendence may appear illogical.In line with these arguments, Wadensten and Carlsson (2000) investigated whether nursing staff in Swedish nursing homes could recognize signs of gerotranscendence. Qualitative interviews and an interview guide based on the theory of gerotranscendence were used.Findings showed that staff noticed signs of gerotranscendence however most of these signs were interpreted as pathological sustaining previously raised arguments (Wadensten and Carlsson, 2000). If the theory of gerotranscendence is used to provide an interpretative framework, these signs would be butt againstn as normal aspects of ageing.3.2 Theory AnalysisThe basis of the Theory of GerotranscendenceTornstam (1992 and 1997a) argues that within gerontological research there is a prevailing research paradigm which negatively affects nursing and gerontological research and alternitavely health care distribution. He (Tornstam, 1994) states that gerontology is encapsulated in a natural science paradigm, entailing that research is primarily focused on the behavior of the elderly, where the individuals are regarded as research objects only, discarding experiences, attitudes and behaviors. This research paradigm generally states that the researcher shall assess and analyze the actual facts concerning a phenomenon in an objective and unbiased manner. Tornstam (1992 and 1997a) argues that within this prevailing gerontological research the last mentioned is not achieved.Gerontological and nurse researchers can modify the paradigm by asking the elderly themselves near their understanding and experience of their own situation, in other words a more phenomenological approach. Wadensten (2005) conducted a qualitative descriptive study in order to interject the theory of gerotranscendence to older people. Participants were invited to participate in group sessions at a day c entre during which they discussed their ageing process. A video on the theory of gerotranscendence was shown, and participants were asked to discuss the description of the ageing process described in the video with their own personal experiences. From this study, Wadensten (2005) concluded that involving the elderly in their own care is an opportunity to use aspects of the theory of gerotranscendence as an intervention in nursing. Wadensten (2005) argued that nurses are in an ideal position to improve the quality of life for the older adult and to promote health using a phenomenological approach, through discussions about ageing.Furthermore Tornstam (1992) claims that the anthropological research tradition may be useful in this respect. An immediate reaction in the nursing literature (Thorsen, 1998 Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten, 2007a Roy, 1984 consider referencing actual article) proposes the following questionsDoes Tornstam himself consider this criticism when formulating his own theory ?Does reversing the prevalent paradigm mean that one is assuming the perspective of the elderly? Isnt it a researcher in mid-life who is performing this reversal?Does turning to Eastern religion and philosophy mean that the elderly in Western cultures are not being taken seriously?It is conspicuous that Tornstam, who criticizes gerontological research and theory development, appears to fall into the same trap as the other theoreticians. Some authors argue that the basis of the theory of gerotranscendence is acquired only from a little number of elderly. Others argue that such theory should be developed by asking elderly populations within a Western culture. However Tornstam (1989) justifies the latter as he thinks that they are captured in a materialistic and rationalistic world. Tornstam reverses the values he claims are predominant in the West, stating that they are the real values of the elderly.Tornstam also does not ask the elderly from a Western culture about their vital spiri tual values. intimately of the elderly in the West have their spiritual roots in this religion. Perhaps nursing practice, research and education would have mat more familiar with Tornstams ideas if he had based his theory on Christian philosophy and Western Cultures.What Kind of Theory and at Which Level is it Valid?Tornstam recounts his own increasing feeling of doubt when the theory of disengagement was rejected by the gerontological community. He had first agreed that the theory should be rejected, but later he felt intuitively that this theory had an explanatory force which gerontological researchers were unable to achieve. Tornstam thus used logical reasoning combined with his own feelings when formulating the theory, which indicates a theory based on deduction (Tornstam, 1989).On the other hand, empirical data have obviously been vital to the formulation of the theory. Tornstam reacted to the many myths on ageing that persisted even though empirical research proved the oppo site (Tornstam, 1989). He also noted that the elderly themselves reported being very satisfied with their lives, even though they had evidently reduced their social natural process, and also did not feel lonelier in old age than earlier in their lives (Roy, 1984). These empirical findings clearly contributed to the formulation of the theory of gerotranscendence. Moreover, it provides a new understanding of what is called passivity of the elderly (Tornstam, 1989).The theory of gerotranscendence is mainly developed through deduction, but also with input of empirical data, and hence is doubtless preferably typical. It is hard to define the theory as either deductive or inductive, but it is probably primarily deductive (Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten, 2006).Generalisation Potential of the Theory?The theory states that all humans will naturally develop towards gerotranscendence, that this is a universal phenomenon. In other words, the theory aims to dupe for all individuals (Wadensten, 2006). What about the difference between Eastern and Western values? The theory also includes strategies to explain why the expected development towards a transcendent existence does not occur. These accounts state that cultural characteristics may prevent such a normal development. On the other hand Thorsen (1998) argues that in Western post-modern cultures the ageing processes are becoming manifold, often contradictory. patriarchal present versions of the selves that are becoming complex, multiplied (multiple selves), acting at different scenes, stamped by varied cultural values, presenting mixed versions of activity and passivity, engagement and retractment, wordliness and transcendence (Thorsen, 1998). This in turn sheds further doubts on the ageing process and how such process should be viewed by the healthcare workers, nurse researchers and the elderly themselves. Redfern and Ross (2006) argue that despite many theories of ageing, interpretative frameworks and guidelines of care, the ageing process and the care involved cannot be standardized into one single definition and/or guidelines of care.What is the Aim and Intention of the Theory?The theory of gerotranscendence attempts to explain why a transcendent form of life is the most natural one. His explanation is that this is a biological necessity for everyone. Tornstam also explains why we dont see so much transcendence among the elderly in our Western culture (Wadensten, 2006). He claims that this is because our culture does not allow or appreciate transcendence, and instead regards such phenomena as unnatural and irrational. It may also be discussed whether the theory presents predictions about a positive old age. The theory states that a transcendent old age is positive and this may be understood as a normative prediction on old age. On the other hand, Thorsen (1998) warns that Tornstams theory should not be viewed as a universal process, applicable for every human being. Thorsen (1998) narrates that o ld age and its process are embedded within society as the latter contains notions about normative appropriateness to various age groups.4.0 Critique of the TheoryIs the Theory Coherent and Consistent?The theory is predominantly coherent, for a reader it is easy to understand what Tornstam means when he describes the ageing process as a development towards a more contemplative form of life. Thorsen (1998) highlights some unclear arguments from the theory presented by Tornstam. Thorsen (1998) argues that the theory of gerotranscendence points out that throughout mid-life an individual is more materialistic and rational.If it is true that we are more materialistic and rational in mid-life should that not apply to everyone, also those people living in the East? If this is a genetic factor it should apply to all people. Or do cultural characteristics take anteriority over biological factors? (Thorsen, 1998). Thorsen (1998) considers this part of Tornstams theory to be somewhat vague an d inconsistent. In line with this perspective Thorsen (1998) argue that old people, like young people, are undergoing an individual and social process of change. At the same time individuals of all ages are influenced by changes in the spirit of the age. Thorsen (1998) argues that irrelevant from the age group ever-changing cultural characteristics leave their stamp both on the individuals world-view and his/her perception of self. The main argument of Thorsen (1998) is that he rejects the notion proposed by Tornstam that transcendence is determined by essential genetic factors.In fact Thorsen (1998) states that self is neither cultural, ahistoric, bodiless and genderless in the ageing process. This argument puts more doubts on how the older adult and the ageing person should be viewed within the society, more precisely within the healthcare system.Furthermore, one may question whether there is consistency between Tornstams own paradigm and his theory. According to his research par adigm the values and opinions of the elderly themselves shall form the basis of theories on ageing which in turn provide an interpretative framework in health care education and practice settings. The theory of gerotranscendence is logically derived from another theory and is based on empirical research with the elderly as research objects. One may argue that it is hard to find the consistency here between Tornstams theory and his paradigm. Likewise, the consistency becomes somewhat ambiguous between Tornstams research paradigm and his own research to verify his theory as the author applies the survey method (Tornstam 1994) to verify his own theory, which may seem rather peculiar viewed in the light of his severe criticism of the natural science paradigm. Tornstam (1996b) also states that phenomenological philosophy and anthropology may be useful points of departure for approaching the theory. It can hardly be utter that Tornstam himself employs such a theoretical basis it was not before the qualitative study in 1997 that he introduced this approach.The implications of the above argument on nursing education involve that further research is required in order to test the validity of the theory of gerotranscendence, as research on the latter is limited. This is also preserve the nursing literature reviewed for the purpose of this essay (Gamliel, 2001 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2000). Within the practical settings, the implications of the above argument involve the revising of the practical guidelines provided by Tornstam, based on his theory (Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002). Although these guidelines provide an interpretative framework for nurses within nursing practice, when viewed in the light of lack of rigorous nursing research about the topic, one needs to consider their specificity and sensitivity to identify the signs of gerotranscendence in the older adult.Is the Theory Useful for Nursing?The theory of gerotranscendence is form ulated in a gerontological research community and is not specifically linked to nursing (Gamliel, 2001 Tornstam, 1997b). Will the theory of ageing in general and this theory in particular be useful for nursing? In order to answer this question one must first explain what is meant by useful. Theory may be useful both for developing the theory structure of an academic subject and for the practical exercise of a profession (Meleis, 1991).In terms of theory structure this theory may lead to a more balanced understanding of the old patient. The theoretical bases that have been predominant within nursing are role theories and the activity theory. Role theories, such as the theory of the social breakdown syndrome, explain the withdrawal of the elderly as discharge of role in society (Redfern Ross, 2006). The passivity of the elderly in institutions has also been interpreted with similar theories.Thus, there are grounds for stating that the theories which have so far been employed in nurs ing are based on one paradigm and mainly on one explanatory strategy loss of roles (Fawcett, 2000). When the withdrawal of the elderly is only considered a disadvantage and is explained to be caused by loss of roles, it is logical that activation is chosen as a means to curb a negative development. The theory of gerotranscendence may provide another interpretation and explanation of the withdrawal of the elderly (Wadensten, 2006 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002).For practical nursing a new perspective may have concrete consequences, both for the occupation itself and for the nurse personally. Nurses, like other occupational groups, perform their occupation on the basis of theoretical knowledge, intrinsic values and practical skills. A practicing nurse is many years younger than the old patient and will probably be influenced by those values that Tornstam calls Western and which are predominant in mid-life. Because of all these factors the nurse may easily find that the old person has a passive and pathetic form of life, and consider the right remedy will be to activate the patient (Wadensten, 2006 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002).Nurses have process now been trained to, and been socialized into a role in which everybody thinks that all elderly are to be activated whether they want to or not. Nurses have learnt that activity is healthy and we know that activity may prevent social isolation, physical decline and complications (Redfern and Ross, 2006). Thus, the nurse feels that her knowledge of this phenomenon gives her a right and duty to activate the old patient. The nurse can motivate and defend her choice of action by a theory which states that it is good for people, including the elderly, to be active.In this perspective one may argue that Tornstams theory may be a useful supplement. If his theory is emphasized as much in practical nursing as the above mentioned theories have been, the nurse will be entitled to let the patient choose what many of us would call p assivity. The nurse will be able to explain on the basis of a theory why the patient has been given such a choice (Wadensten, 2006 Wadensten and Carlsson, 2002). Secondly, the nurse will have a better conscience while performing her job. Many nurses find they are forcing the elderly to be active. This type of coercion is against ethical principles such as the liberty principle, and serves to give the nurse a bad conscience. The nurse is in an awkward position, between the benevolence principle based on the paradigm that Tornstam criticizes so severely and the autonomy principle. The theory of gerotranscendence may help to lessen the conflict between these two principles.5.0 ConclusionTornstams theory of gerotranscendence introduces a completely new method of interpreting old age. What makes this theory special is his new interpretation of the withdrawal and passivity of the elderly as another form of activity. This activity is qualitatively different from the glaring activity th at we have focused on so far, in the form of social activity and engagement.Tornstam labels this form of activity transcendence and says that it helps to enhance the experience of a good life. Tornstam contributes to a balanced understanding of living into old age, and is obviously right in his criticism of how we have transplanted mid-life values into old age. His theory may to a large extent provide a new understanding of life in old age, for example old people who refuse to incommode their social sphere, or who do not find activities in institutions meaningful.Tornstams theory is interesting and exciting to read and is extremely relevant for nursing. It can offer new ideas to nursing and insights into ageing and into those values and theories that influence the exercise of a practical occupation.

archimedes :: essays research papers

ArchimedesArchimedes lived during 287? - 212 B.C. The nationality of Archimedes is Greek in which he was born in Syracuse, Sicily. (World 605). Archimedes attended a school in Alexandria, Egypt. He was trained by such greats as Conon and Eratosthenes. (Math 22)The area of work that Archimedes was knows for is his work in Geometry and astronomy because his incur was an astronomer. Archimedes is also known for Hydrostatics, static mechanics, pycnometry and he is called the father of integral calculus. (MCS 1).His mathematical contributions are endless and are still used to this day. First there is his method of finding Pi, the ratio between the diameter and tour of a circle. This was greatly needed in his times for builders dealing with large works of art. He also computed the area of a segment of a parabola. By using triangles he found them to be the pieces of Geometry. There is the Archimedean spiral that is still used in Egypt to drain and fill farmland with water. It is a tube w ith a spiral screw that is turned and then the water enter the chambers and lifts out the other side. Other remarkable works are the Sandreckoner that is where he starts a number system capable of expressing numbers up to 8x1016. He says this method can be used to count all the grains of sand in the world. He was also known for his invention of the catapult, which helped the Greeks with there Roman problems. (Math 24).Thing that helped and hindered Archimedes in mathematical greatness are concededly dealt with wars. Such as the Rome and Carthage war when the Romans shape to invade Syracuse. Archimedes used his math knowledge to come up with catapults and a large grappling hooks, that where hooked to a lever that in turn bring up the ships out of the water and dropped them. One of the most different things that he did that dealt with the war was when they attack, Archimedes had the Greek men hold up special shaped shields that were focused on the ships and when the sun hit the shi elds the ships went up in flames this is also a myth that no one knows the truth to. This in turn helped and hinder him it made him come up with new ideas but he had no time to deal with other thing of non-war activities (Gap 7)

Comparison of Ethiopia and Mali Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Brief Overview of the History of EthiopiaEthiopia is one of the most unique among African countries for maintaining its freedom from colonial rule, with the short censure of an occupation by the Italians from 1936-1941. A socialist state was established in 1974 with the overthrow of Emperor Selassie, who had been in control since 1930. A junta or host of military officers called the Derg was responsible for the coup. Yet, this corrupt administration has lead only to warfare and wide scale public suffering. In 1991, the junta was finally brought down by a combination of revolutionary forces who called themselves the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front. In 1994, a constitution was drafted and 1995 marked Ethiopias first multiparty elections. Recently, a boarder animosity with Eritrea, that lasted over 2 years, was ended in December of 2000 yet recent objections by Ethiopia have delayed a final declaration of border. The killlocked estate of Ethiopia is located in e ast Africa, just west of Somalia, and is roughly twice the size of Texas . Ethiopias natural resources include platinum, copper, and small reserves of gold. Only .65% of the land is suitable and allotted for permanent crops. Ethiopia is currently facing several environmental concerns including deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, and water shortages due to poor management of water-intensive farming. Ethiopias population is in excess of 66 million. Ethiopia is home to numerous ethnic groups, the largest being Oromo, which accounts for 40% of the population. About half of the Ethiopian population is Muslim, with the majority of the other half practicing Ethiopian Orthodox. Ethiopias government is a federal republic which grants its citizens voting rights at 18 years of age. Currently, Ethiopia faces the problem of attempting to control the illicit drugs that come through the country, as it acts as a hub for the transportation of heroin and cocaine. A Brief Overview of the History of MaliMali became a French colony in 1904 and was renamed French Sudan. In June of 1960, it gained its independence and became know as the Sudanese nation. The Sudanese Republic associated with the Republic of Senegal under one federation. In August of 1960, Senegal broke off connections with the federation, and the Sudanese Republic changed its name to The Republic of Mali.... ... use their homes as collateral for startup capital to create businesses or invest, promoting economic expansion. It was also interesting to read about the history of each country, and I was surprised when I realized that Ethiopia is one of the oldest independent countries. This report was extremely fascinating and helped me get a better grasp on events outside of the unite States. I feel that a worldview is increasingly important in our day and age to help people better understand the problems and solutions in developing nations. working Cited1.The CIA, http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ind ex.html2.The formal HDI Report, http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/pdf/hdr03_indicators.pdf3.The European Union, http//europa.eu.int/index_en.htm4.The World Bank, http//poverty.worldbank.org/library/view/8702/5.http//www.geographia.com/mali6.http//www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/mali.htm7.http//www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/ethiopia.htm

Horror Stories by Stevenson and Greene Essay -- Horror Stories Stevens

mutual exclusiveness Stories by Stevenson and GreeneHorror stories are an excellent traditional genre. This genre has beenaround for almost as long as stories pick out been told. In thisgeneration there is not much that usher out actually scare us, but what doesactually make a trade good repulsion story?Horror stories need to have a good and intimidating storyline, itneeds to play on peoples fears, it withal needs to give its audience areal hurry and send chills down their spines. The horror story may bebased on phobias, superstitions, murder or science fiction. Horrorstories that involve science can be really scary sometimes, as thismodern world is vastly developing, and we sometimes wonder whatscience can do. If a relatively small tinge bomb can wipe out a largecity than science can basically do anything, and this is what scaresus. What also really scares us, is when a horror story is based onsomething we know little about, the unknown, this includes aliens,monsters etc.Hor ror stories contain lots of tension and suspense it has got tokeep its readers on the edge of their seat, fashioning them think whatsgoing to happen next? A good horror story usually involves some kindof history, something that has happened in the past, this createstension, suspense and creates and element of closed book for the reader.When humans dont know something, their hormones naturally make themwant to know the thing even more this is why the element of mysteryand the suspense works really well in horror stories, luring thereader onto reading the rest of the story.In a horror story, lots of imagery is used, to create an atmosphere,this includes darkness bad weather, blood, death, also symbols ofhorror such as crows and the devi... ...think someone died because he was frightened of the dark, but when youthink about it is kind of believable how he may have been so scared,that it just caused his body to stop working.I think horror stories have remained so popular because as h umans welike getting a thrill. Horror stories are traditional and even in thetimes of the cavemen horror stories were told, and now these storieshave advanced and can be very interesting. Although we dont like tobe frightened, have nightmares and have our heart pounding reallyfast, the comfort comes when we realise that the horror isnt real(unless it is), and we can have a sigh of relief, and the feeling isgood when we look at the horror and reflect it to our own lives, whichmakes us feel safe. This is the same for nightmares, the feeling comeswhen we wake up and realise the nightmare wasnt reality.

Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics: Happiness :: Nicomachean Ethics Essays

From pursuing pleasure to avoiding pain, life seems to ultimately be about achieving bliss. However, how to define and obtain happiness has and continues to be a widely debated issue. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle gives his view on happiness. Aristotle focuses particularly on how reason, our rational capacity, should help us recognize and pursue what will drag to happiness and the good life.(Cooley and Powell, 459) He refers to the soul as a part of the human body and what its role is in pursuing true happiness and compass a desirable destination. Aristotle defines good as that which everything aims.(Aristotle, 459) Humans have an insatiable need to achieve goodness and eventual happiness. Sometimes the end that people aim for is the act they perform, and other times the end is something we attempt to achieve by means of that activity. Aristotle claims that there must be some end since everything cannot be means to something else.(Aristotle, 460) In this case, there would be nothing we would try to ultimately achieve and everything would be pointless. An ultimate end exists so that what we aim to achieve is attainable. Some people entrust that the highest end is material and obvious (when a person is sick they seek health, and a poor person searches for wealth). Most people think that the highest end is a life of pleasure. Hedonists have defined happiness as an equivalent to the totality of pleasurable or agreeable feeling.(Fox, 3) Some pleasures are good and contribute to happiness. non all ends are ultimate ends but the highest end would have to be something ultimate the just conceivable ultimate end is happiness.Happiness is perhaps the only clear ultimate end. Happiness is what we strive for by itself and not to get anything else. So it appears that happiness is the ultimate end and completely sufficient by itself. It is the end we seek in all we do.(Aristotle, 461) Mans good is related to his purpose the purpose of a man involves the actions o f his soul (the soul being a part of his reasoning). By carrying out the activities of his soul and doing so with proper excellence and virtue, man is able to reach a desirable end. Virtue, then deals with those feelings and actions in which it is wrong to go excessively far and wrong to fall too short but in which hitting the mean is praiseworthy and good.

Jerusalem in the Scriptures :: Christianity Bible Scriptures Essays

capital of Israel in the Scriptures37 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her How often I wanted to compile your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing38 See Your house is left to you desolate39 for I submit to you, you shall see Me nomore till you say, Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD (Matthew2337-39)Jerusalem in the Scriptures is symbolic of the Church in general. The word Jerusalem means city of peace.Paul writing to the church at Galatia makes adistinction between the two Jerusalems - thenatural one and the spiritual one. bothJerusalems are described symbolically as motherswith children.25 for this Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia,and corresponds to Jerusalem which now is,and is in bondage with her children26 but the Jerusalem preceding(prenominal) is free, which isthe mother of us all. (Galatians 425-26)We see that when Jesus laments over Jerusalem,He is actually lamenting over BOTH the naturalJerusalem AND the spiritual one. From write upwe know that Jerusalem had a record for killingthe prophets God sent to her to warn her torepent of idolatry. The irony of it all, is that thecity of God had a tendency to resist GodHimself when He came to them in the form ofthese men. This led to the ultimate of all ironies- the rejection of the man Jesus, who was in factGod in the flesh. And all this by those zealouslyattempting to adhere to the principles of Godbut at the same time rejecting the person of Godin Jesus.37 And the Father Himself, who sent Me, hastestified of Me. You have neither hear Hisvoice at any time, nor seen His form.38 But you do not have His word abiding inyou, because whom He sent, Him you do not view.39 You search the Scriptures, for in them youthink you have eternal life and these are theywhich testify of Me.40 But you are not willing to come to Methat you may have life. (John 537-40)We, as born-again believers, have the seed of theword of God living and abiding in us because wewere willing to come to Him and believe inHim. Likewise, as we learn to recognise thosesent by God, we will be able to receive the wordliving in them which may be the very anointingwe need to have the yokes and bondagesdestroyed in our lives and be changed from glory

ICT in the Local Community :: ICT Essays

ICT in the Local CommunityAirportsIn airports, all public access is channelled by dint of the terminal,where every person must walk through a metal detector and all itemsmust go through an X-ray machine which and then sends the picture to amonitor where a person can see what luggage you are carrying and ifyou are concealing any metal objects that may crap a threat to otherpassengers. All of the checked luggage goes through a large X-raymachine before it is loaded onto the aircraft. In the linked States,most major airports have a computer tomography (CT) scanner. A CTscanner is a hollow tube that surrounds your bag. The X-ray mechanismrevolves tardily around it, bombarding it with X-rays and recording theresulting data. The CT scanner uses all of this data to create a verydetailed tomogram (slice) of the bag. The scanner is able to calculatethe mass and assiduity of individual objects in your bag based on thistomogram. If an objects mass/density falls within the range of adanger ous material, the CT scanner warns the hustler of a potentialhazardous object.CT scanners are slow compared to other types of baggage-scanning outlines. Because of this, they are not used to check every bag.Instead, only bags that the computer flags as suspicious arechecked. These flags are triggered by any anomaly that shows up in thereservation or check-in process. For example, if a person buys a unidirectional ticket and pays cash, this is considered atypical and couldcause the computer to flag that person. When this happens, thatpersons checked bags are immediately sent through the CT scanner,which is usually located somewhere right the ticketing counter.A baggage-handling system makes all of the decisions about where a bagis going. Hundreds of computers keep track of the location of everybag, every travellers itinerary and the schedules of all the planes.Computers control the conveyer junctions and switches in the DCVtracks to make sure each bag ends up exactly where it needs to go. Theprocess begins when you check in and hand your bag to the factor.When you check in, the agent pulls up your itinerary on the computerand prints out one or more tags to attach to each of your pieces ofluggage. The tag has all of your flight information on it, includingyour destination and any stopover cities, as well as a bar code thatcontains a ten-digit number.This number is unique to your luggage. All of the computers in thebaggage-handling system can use this number to look up your itinerary.